Piston aluminum alloys have different intermetallic phases, such as Cu3Al, Mg2Si, and AlNi phases. The morphology and the distribution of such phases have important roles on mechanical properties of the piston material. Therefore, in this research, various ageing heat treatments on the mentioned material were done and the microstructural feature and the hardness were studied. Obtained results showed that solutioning at 515 ° C for 7 hours and ageing at 205 ° C for 7 hours, was the superior heat treatment process, since such treatment led to increase the hardness value to its highest value (153 BHN) for the piston aluminum alloy. This heat treatment caused to increase the size of Si particles obviously and caused to precipitate other intermetallic phases of Al (Ni, Cu) and Ni-Si. Additionally, solutioning at 500 ° C for 5 hours and ageing at 180 ° C for 9 hours resulted in coarsening Si and Al-Ni participates in the longitudinal direction, which was caused to increase the hardness value to 137 BHN. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results indicated that when the specimen aged at 230 ° C for 5 hours, other intermetallic phases such as Al (Ni, Si) and Mg2Si appeared in the matrix.

In this research, multilayer Cu/Sn composites were produced for the first time with the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) method using the commercial pure Cu and Sn sheets in up to eight cycles. The microstructural and mechanical properties of the Cu/Sn composites were studied during various ARB cycles by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), elemental mapsand X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as tensile and Vickers micro-hardness tests. The results revealed that the necking and rupturing of the layers take place after 2 and 3 cycles, respectively. The final microstructure consists of the uniform distribution of the hard copper fragments and wavy soft Sn matrix. XRD and FESEM results confirmed the formation of the intermetallic Cu6Sn5 compound after 6 cycles. The maximum tensile strength reached 290 MPa after one ARB cycle, which is around 1. 4 and 13 times higher than that of the pure Cu and Sn, respectively; thereafter, it decreased and then increased up to 150 MPa in the 8th cycle. The hardness of the copper layers increased by rising the number of ARB cycles. The tensile fracture mode for Cu and Sn layers was ductile in all ARB cycles. Further dimples were observed in the copper layers.

Alloxysta turcica Tataroğlu & Katılmış, 2023, a species recently described from Turkey, is now being synonymyzed with A. minuscula Andrews, 1978. This decision is based on morphological analysis, which has revealed significant similarities between the two species. The reasons and supporting illustrations for this synonymy are provided.

In this study, zirconia coatings have been prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying under different parameters in air on mild carbon steel substrates. The effects of spraying parameters; powder feed rate and spraying distance (SD), on Microstructure of 8wt%Y2O3-rZrO2 (YSZ) coatings were studied. Measurements were made on specimens in the as- sprayed state. The microstructures of coatings were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase analyses of the YSZ powder/coatings were examined by X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) operating with Cu Ka and the size and amount of their porosity were evaluated using an Image Analysis method. The results showed by varying spray distance/ powder feed rate, significant changes were detected in the microstructure of the top coat. The total porosity, pore morphology and unmelted particles are correlated with the powder feed rate and spray distance. Also, It was found that the powder feed rate has a larger effect on the coating microstructure than the spray distance in the conditions investigated.

In this research, gas tungsten arc welding of dissimilar joint between 4130 low alloy steel and AISI 201 austenitic stainless steel was investigated. Four filler metals i. e. ERNiCr-3, ER 309L, ER 308L and ER 80SB2 were used. After welding, microstructural features of various areas and also fracture surfaces were examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile test was conducted in order to study the mechanical properties of each joint. It was found that ERNiCr-3 is fractured from fusion zone and the others were fractured from 4130 base metal. Also, some second phase particles such as NbC were seen in the ERNiCr-3 weld joint. SEM observation showed that the fracture behavior of ERNiCr-3 weld joint is semi brittle and the others are ductile. The fusion zone of ERNiCr-3 weld joint was fully austenitic and consisted of equiaxed grains and no crack was seen in this area. The fusion zone of ER 308L and ER 309L were composed from cellular dendrite and finally ER 80S-B2 weld joint was consisted of lath martensite.

This study investigates the effects of microstructural features, nanoporosity, and micro-cracks on macro-crack propagation in 3Y-TZP plate ceramics doped with Al2O3 (0 to 0.5 wt%) for dental restoration applications, utilizing peridynamics (PD) theory for the first time. The research employs ordinary state-based PD to offer new insights into these interactions. Materials are synthesized through high-energy ball milling of ZrO2 powders at 1500 °C for 2 h. Mechanical properties, including density, average porosity diameter, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and fracture toughness (KIC), are rigorously assessed. Results indicate that increasing Al2O3 content to 0.5 wt% enhances relative density, hardness, Young's modulus, KIC, and flexural strength to 99.5%, 15.1 GPa, 280 GPa, 9.97 MPa·m1/2, and 355 MPa, respectively, while low-temperature degradation over 800 h shows that Al2O3 doping significantly reduces aging kinetics. PD simulations demonstrate that micro-cracks substantially affect crack propagation, revealing a 15% reduction in macro-crack speeds compared to FEM results. This research enhances the understanding of dental ceramics and establishes a foundation for analyzing fractures in dental restoration ceramics using PD.

Combined effects of homogenization pressure (0, 50, 150 bar), homogenization sequence (before or after heat treatment), and type of stabilizers (carrageenan, guar and a mixture of carrageenan – guar, either alone or in the presence of starch) on the textural and rheological parameters, including hardness, viscosity, surface tension, syneresis and also microstructural properties of cream – based dairy dessert were investigated. Homogenization pressure of 50 bars after and 150 bars before heating resulted in the highest and lowest hardnesse, respectively. Homogenization pressure of 50 bars after heating led to the highest surface tension, whereas the lowest obtained when applying 150 bars of pressure following the process of heating. Unhomogenized treatments exhibit the highest syneresis, vise versa; the lowest amount was primarily related to the homogenized treatments (after heating) and secondarily homogenized treatments (before heating). Using carrageenan, alone, caused both the highest hardness and the highest syneresis, and in mixture with guar, the highest surface tension. Guar, alone, led to the lowest hardness, surface tension and syneresis. In the presence of starch, hardness was increased using all three combinations of gums, but surface tension was increased through only carrageenan - guar mixture application. Syneresis was decreased applying carrageenan, alone. Microstructure analysis showed good correspondence with the textural and rheological results.

Eqhlid Shear Zone (ESZ) located on 230 Km north of Shiraz City and 45 Km southeast Eqhlid City. This area is part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan paired metamorphic zone, which have been affected by brittle-ductile and ductile deformation. Metamorphic rocks of this area are mainly composed slates, phyllite, metasandstone, crystalline limestone, metadolomite, metavolcanics, and mylonite.In Eqhlid area, several thrust and duplexes are present with NW-striking and NEdipping. The main thrust in area is ESZ. The shear zone and associated thrust and folds are portion of the Main Zagros Thrust orogenic belt and they are parallel with this belt. Observation en-echelon, folded boudinage and asymmetrical folds in mesoscopic scale indicate dextral shear sense of the ESZ.Microscopic studies of the S-type and C-type shear band cleavages and mantled prophyroclasts confirm dextral shear sense. These microstructure formed in greenschist facies conditions.The current studies of kinematics and geometry of thrust and strike-slip faults and shear zone plus micro-structures such as S-C fabrics and asymmetrical folds display dextral oblique transpression of the Afro-Arabian convergence.